Prospects of a Future Revolution in Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Prospects of a Future Revolution in Iran - Essay Example Post-Revolutionary leaders in Iran, in an effort to consolidate their power and destroy opposition, have undertaken a number of social policies focused on rural and urban populations to encourage the development of a healthier, better educated, and more sophisticated society (Keddie, 2006). Although improvements emerged, there has been a socio-cultural realignment, suggesting that the official Iran of devout multitudes may not be a majority, as compared to the â€Å"other† Iran of a largely modern, progressive, and pragmatically secular citizenry (Afshari, 2009, p.840). This projection is supported by the June 2009 Green Revolution in which the Islamic Republic of Iran faced a legitimacy crisis, the like of which it had not experienced since its creation in 1979. The 2009 experience has critical differences as well as deja vu similarities to the 1979 Revolution. The clerical cloth of legitimacy has undeniably been tattered in the recent uprising and demonstrations; however, th e prospects of another revolution still remain uncertain because of crucial contextual changes. Nevertheless, the interest of the international community for the Green Revolution to succeed and lead Iran to peaceful integration within the world system of nations is a force that can have a significant determining value in the balance of power in Iran domestically. For a long time, academic scholars have tried to identify what produces a revolution. Of all possible factors, political scientist James DeFronzo identifies five as critical for success: Mass frustrations among urban or rural populations that result in popular uprising, dissident elite political movements that pit some elite members against the existing government, unifying motivations for revolution that cut across major groups and mobilize the majority of society’s population behind the goal of revolution, severe political crisis that paralyzes the administrative and coercive capabilities of the state, and permissi ve or tolerant world context towards the development and success of a revolution in a given nation. In the case of Iran, unified motivation among major groups was the fundamental factor in ensuring the revolutionary success of 1979. More than two decades of autocratic rule caused the social base of support for the Pahlavi monarchy to decline. Loyalists, primarily from the aristocratic core and the non-aristocratic upper class, constituted less than 0.01 percent of the population- a meager force in defense of the regime (Abrahamian 1989: DeFronzo, 304). The majority of the population- the traditional middle class, the modern middle class, and the sub-proletariat class-demanded more reforms, more human rights, more freedom, and more democracy. Two main revolutionary movements formed: The first was the religious movement headed by the Ulema, demanding return to a society based on the Shari’ah and religious administration (Hooker, 1996). The second movement was liberal, promoting modernism, democracy, openness in government, wider participation, and increased social justice via economic development for the poor. Opposition to the regime also included a radical Marxist-Leninist element consisting of the ‘Peoples Fedayeen’ and the ‘People’s Mojahadeen’ (Feldman, 2007). Initially, the Shah and the West fixated on these Leftist elements in the Cold War paradigm, causing them to disregard the threat of Islamic fundamentalism as a movement. (Feldman, 2007) Historians, political theorists, and contemporary

Explain, with reference to decided cases and statutory provisions, the Essay

Explain, with reference to decided cases and statutory provisions, the extent to which terms may be implied into both a contract for sale of goods and a contract of employment - Essay Example Simply put, if you promise that you will do something for another person and in return, that person agrees to pay you something, then you and that person have made a contract. A contract can be in verbal or written form but the most important thing is that there would be an agreement especially between two parties. Likewise, according to the labour laws of many countries, both the worker and the employee are bound by certain statutory regulations that would ensure that no party will breach the agreed contract. Indeed, when a person has decided to enter into an agreement with someone, both parties should have a common ground of understanding of the nature of the contract they would be agreeing upon so as to avoid conflict and misunderstanding in the future. There different factors that are taken into consideration when forming a valid contract between two parties. The most important thing in the formation of a valid contract is that there must be an agreement between the parties involved. There should be mutual understanding between the two parties involved so as to avoid unnecessary conflict in the future. Each party is expected to be very clear about the terms and conditions of the contract otherwise it may be invalid if the other party involved is not aware of the contents of the agreement. Forming an agreement is based on the notion that each party is aware of the contractual obligations to fulfil which are legally binding. Another key element for the formation of a valid contract is its legality. A valid contract ought to conform to the norms and values of the society. For instance, if a person promises to steal something in order to get payment in return, then this contract is unacceptable since it is against the societal norms a nd values. The parties entering into a contract should have the legal power to do so. In any given scenario, minors may not enter into a valid contract with adults since it

Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)

Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-qPCR) Primers All primer sequences were designed using the online tool Primer 3-BLAST (NCBI) and the primers were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India. Relative expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF- ÃŽ ²), myosin heavy chain beta (ÃŽ ²-MHC), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was studied. Forward and reverse primers for the above genes were used for amplification. Table 5. PCR Primer details RNA isolation All glasswares were rinsed with diethyl-pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water to inhibit RNases. Total RNA was isolated using guanidium thiocynate-chloroform-phenol method of Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987). Total RNA isolation kit (BioUltra, Sigma Aldrich,USA) was utilized for this study After cleaning with saline, heart and aorta tissues were homogenized in denaturing solution with freshly added ÃŽ ²-mercaptoethanol. After homogenization 2M sodium acetate solution (pH. 4.0), water saturated phenol and chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (49:1) was added. The mixture was shaked vigorously and allowed to cool on ice for 15 minutes. The mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 Ãâ€" g for 20 minutes at 4 oC. The aqueous phase was transferred in a fresh tube and an equal volume of ice cold isopropanol was added. RNA was precipitated by placing the sample at -20 oC for one hour. Then the mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 Ãâ€" g for 20 minutes at 4 oC. The pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and RNA was stored in DEPC water at -80 oC. RNA quality and quantity was assessed by nano-drop spectrometer. Real time PCR amplification SYBR Green Quantitative RT-qPCR Kit was used in this study and the PCR experiment was carried out in eppendorff realplex mastercycler. 1 µg RNA was reverse transcribed by using Molone murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) reverse transcriptase as per manufactures instructions. Then the amplification program (94 oC – 45 seconds, annealing – 45 seconds, extension 72 oC- 1 minute) was applied with specific annealing temperature. The annealing temperatures of TGF-ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ²-MHC, eNOS and GAPDH were 58, 52, 55, and 55 oC, respectively. The specificity of the primers was confirmed by resolving the PCR products in 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The relative fold change of expression was calculated by normalized the expression with GAPDH. The RT-qPCR results were quantified using the ‘threshold line’ and the ‘cycle threshold’. The ‘threshold line’ is the point at which the reaction reaches a fluorescent intensity above background. The cycles at which the samples reach this level is called the ‘cycle threshold’ (Ct). The statistical analysis of the RT-qPCR results was calculated by using the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct = (Ct value of gene of interest – Ct value of GAPDH). Relative gene expression was obtained by à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct methods (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct sample – à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct of control), with the use of the control group as a calibrator for comparison of all unknown sample gene expression levels. The relative gene expression fold change was derived from 2–à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct (Schmittgen and Livak, 2008). IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION (IHC) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) IHC was performed as described by Rocha et al., (2009) using Super Sensitive Polymer-HRP Detection System kit, from Biogenex, USA. The Super Sensitive Polymer-HRP Detection System is a atypical detection system using a non-biotin polymeric technology that makes use of two major components: a Poly-HRP reagent and super Enhancerâ„ ¢. As the system is not based on the biotin-avidin system, the problems associated with endogenous biotin are completely eliminated. The detection of antigens in tissues by immunostaining is a two-step process. The first step involves the binding of an antibody to the antigen of interest and the second step involves the detection and visualization of bound antibody by one of a variety of enzyme chromogenic systems. The choice of detection system will dramatically impact the sensitivity, utility and ease-of-use of the method. Procedure Paraffin-embedded tissue was cut to obtain sections of about 4  µm thickness. The mounted paraffin-embedded slices are deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated using an ethanol/H2O gradient. Heat mediated antigen retrieval step was carried out for 10 min and then the slides were allowed to cool to room temperature for another 20 min. This was followed by peroxidase block treatment (to block endogenous peroxidase enzyme activity) for 10-15 min and then power block treatment (to block non-specific binding of antibodies to highly charged sites) for another 15 min. The sections were incubated with the concerned diluted primary antibody solution (for 2 h (1:200)) followed by treatment with the super enhancer solution (for 30 min) and super sensitive Poly-HRP solution (for 30 mins). After colour development with DAB and counterstaining with haematoxylin, the sections were observed under the microscope and photographs were taken. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY The ultrastructure of the heart specimen was examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) according to the method of Lang (1987), by the technique of thin sectioning. Reagents Glutaraldehyde solution: 3% Osmium tetroxide: 2% osmium tetroxide in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH -7.4 Ethanol: 75%, 95% and 100% Uranyl acetate: 1% Lead citrate: 3% Sodium phosphate buffer: 0.1 M, pH 7.4 Procedure Immediately after the sacrifice, the heart tissues were dissected and fixed with a solution of 3% glutaraldehyde for 2 hours at room temperature and washed thrice with phosphate buffer to remove glutaraldehyde. Post-fixation was done by a solution containing 2% osmium tetroxide in 10mM sodium phosphate buffer and left overnight. Then, the osmium tetroxide solution was removed and replaced with 75% ethanol. This reduces the remaining osmium tetroxide to osmium dioxide, which forms a precipitate in the alcohol. After 10 minutes, the alcohol was replaced with a few ml of 75% ethanol. After 30 minutes, the alcohol was replaced with 95% ethanol and left for 30 minutes. This solution was replaced with 100% ethanol and washed thrice and then dried in acetone. After dehydration, the tissues were equilibrated for 30 minutes in 1:1 mixture of epoxy propane and the embedding medium, epon 812 (also called epikote resin-812). A mixture of the resin and two hardening agents, dodecyl succinic anhydride and methyl anhydride were used. A diamine catalyst generally N-benzyl-N-diethylamine was added just before use. The 1:1 mixture was poured off and replaced with full strength resin. This step was repeated several times to ensure full infiltration of the embedding medium. The tissue was then transferred to a beam capsule with a wooden stick and the capsule was filled with fresh resin mixture. The wooden stick was used to tease the specimen down to the center of the bottom of the capsule. Next, the block holder was placed with the specimen in hot air oven at 60 °C for 48 hours to polymerize the resin completely. Once the blocks are hardened, they are ready for sectioning. The ends of the specimen blocks were trimmed using glass knives and ultra thi n sections were cut using an LKBUM4 ultramicrotome. The sections were picked upon carbon grids and post-stained with combined uranyl and lead stain and rinsed with distilled water and dried. After drying, the grids were examined under a Philips EM201C transmission electron microscope (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands). WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression pattern of eNOS in the aorta and reperfused hearts according to method of Laemmli (1970). Principle Following the protein estimation, the samples were separated using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and the separated molecules are blotted onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. After blocking, the primary antibody was added and allowed to bind to the protein followed by washing (which removes non specifically bound antibody); then an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody was added, to detect the primary antibody. The location of the secondary antibody was determined by adding an appropriate substrate for the enzyme conjugated to the secondary antibody. Reagents Acrylamide stock: 30% acrylamide, 0.8% N,N†²-methylene bisacrylamide Separating gel buffer: 1.5 M Tris, pH 8.8 Sample buffer: 0.5 M Tris, pH 6.8 Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS): 10% Ammonium per sulfate (APS): (10%) N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) Separating gel overlaying solution: Water-saturated isobutanol Sample Buffer: Tris (0.5M, pH 6.8)-2.5 mL SDS (10%)-4.0 mL Glycerol (100%)-2.0 mL ÃŽ ²-Mercaptoethanol-0.8 mL (or 1 M DDT-0.5 mL) Bromophenol Blue (0.1%)-300  µL Distilled water (400  µl) to 10.0 mL Running gel buffer Tris-6.05 g Glycine: 28.80 g 10% SDS: 10.0 mL or (1.0 g) Distilled water to 1000 mL Staining solution Coomassie brilliant blue R250- 300 g Methanol-80 mL Acetic acid-20 mL Distilled water-100 mL Destainning solution Acetic acid-100 mL Methanol-300 mL Distilled water: 1000 mL Procedure The aortic tissues were homogenized in an ice-cold radio immuno precipitation buffer (RIPA) (1% Triton, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1 mM/L EDTA, 20 mM/L Tris (pH 7.4), 150 mM/L NaCl, 10 mM/L NaF, and 0.1 mM/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 Ãâ€" g for 20 min at 4 °C to remove debris and the supernatant was used to determine the protein concentration of the lysates using the BCA protein assay kit (Merck, India). Transfer of proteins to membrane Samples containing 50 ÃŽ ¼g of total cellular proteins were loaded and separated using 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Following electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred from the gel to a membrane by using semi-dry blotting system (AA Hoefer, SEMIDRY BLOTER, USA). Before assembling the transfer system, soaked PVDF membrane in methanol for 10 minutes and blotting papers in cold transfer buffer. Prepared sandwich, blotting paper, membrane, gel and blotting paper, were placed in the transfer apparatus and few drops of transfer buffer was added and subjected to an electric current 20 V for 1 h under cold condition. After the transfer, the sandwich was removed from the transfer system. Membrane was stained with 0.5% ponceau in 1% acetic acid to confirm equal loading and then washed with distilled water. The PVDF membrane were blocked with 5% blocking solution (containing 5% BSA in 0.5 M Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.5) for 2 h to reduce the non-specific protein binding sites and then incubated with primary antibody (anti-eNOS), in blocking solution with gentle shaking overnight at 4 °C. After this, the membranes were washed with TBST (Tris-buffered saline and 0.05% Tween-20 (TBST)) thrice for 10 minutes interval and then incubated with respective secondary antibody anti-mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Then the membranes were washed with TBST thrice for 10 minutes interval. The reaction was developed with a DAB detection system (Merck, India). Bands were scanned using a scanner and quantitated by Image J, a public domain Java image processing software, Wayne Rasband, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell culture Rat embryonic cardiomyoblast derived H9c2 cells was obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and a combination of penicillin-streptomycin (1%) in a humidified 5% CO2atmosphere at 37 °C. The assay was performed by seeding H9c2 cells in the concentration of 1Ãâ€"104 cells/well in 96-well plate. In vitro oxidative stress and mitochondrial transmembrane potential study In order to evaluate the cytotoxic effect, viability was checked with MTT assay on D-carvone (25–100  µM) treated H9c2 cells. For assessment of protective potential of D-carvone against oxidative stress, different concentrations of D-carvone (0.1, 1 and 10  µM) were incubated with H9c2 cells for 2 h, and then co-incubated with 500  µM/L H2O2 for further 18 h (Jia et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011). For viability analysis, MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was added to each well, and incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. After incubation, optical density (OD) was measured on a microplate reader at 570nm. With the 10  µM dose of D-carvone, the level of intracellular ROS formation was quantified with fluorimetry using redox-sensitive fluorescent probe 2, 7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). Further, to examine mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT), H9c2 cells were incubated with 5 mg/mL Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) at 37 °C for 30 minutes (Park et al., 2003). The images were acquired using the Olympus IX71 inverted à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescence microscope. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) protocol D-carvone was dissolved in 1% DMSO (vehicle) and administered orally to rats using an intragastric tube daily for 7 days. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group: (i) control group pre-treated with vehicle alone for 7 days (isolated rat hearts subjected to continuous perfusion). Isolated rat hearts obtained from the following three groups were perfused with a modified Krebs buffer solution for 10 minutes to stabilize the cardiac functions and then subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia, followed by 60 min of reperfusion: (ii) I/R hearts pre-treated with vehicle alone for 7 days (Control (I/R)); (iii) I/R hearts pre-treated with D-carvone (I/R + D-C 10 mg/kg body weight); (iv) I/R hearts pre-treated with D-carvone (I/R + D-C 20 mg/kg body weight). Langendorff isolated heart preparation The animals were anaesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (75 mg/kg body weight). After thoractomy, the hearts were rapidly excised and placed in cooled (4 °C) Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate solution [composition (in mM): 118 sodium chloride (NaCl), 4.7 potassium chloride (KCl), 1.2 magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), 1.2 potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2PO4), 2.3 calcium chloride (CaCl2), 25.0 sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 11.0 glucose]. composition (in mM): 118 sodium chloride (NaCl), 4.7 potassium chloride (KCl), 1.2 magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), 1.2 potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2PO4), 2.3 calcium chloride (CaCl2), 25.0 sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 11.0 glucose. The heart was then attached to the cannula through aorta and retrogradely perfused with the Krebs solution maintained at 37 °C and continuously gassed with a mixture of 95% O2 5% CO2. Perfusion pressure was kept constant at 80 mmHg. The ischemia and reperfusion protocol was followed as described previously (Khan et al., 2006; Senthamizhselvan et al., 2014). An elastic water-filled balloon was introduced into the left ventricle through a left atrial incision and connected to a Pressure Transducer (AD Instruments) linked with a PowerLab data acquisition unit (AD Instruments). The balloon volume was adjusted to achieve a stable left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 5-10 mmHg. The percentage rate-pressure product [RPP = (LVSP-LVEDP) Ãâ€"HR] and percentage coronary flow was assessed as described previously (Esterhuyse et al., 2005; Ferrera et al., 2009; Swaminathan et al., 2010). Coronary effluent was collected for the estimation of LDH activity. Macroscopic enzyme mapping of infarcted myocardium (Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride test) TTC (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test) test used for a section of the heart tissue. Lie et al. (1975) method was used for the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test (TTC) analysis acclimated for the macroscopic enzyme mapping appraisal of the infarcted myocardium was completed. A freshly prepared solution of 1% TTC in phosphate buffer was prewarmed at 37-40 °C for 30 minutes in a darkened glass. To remove the excess blood, the heart tissues were washed rapidly in cold water without macerating the tissue. After removing epicardial fat, the left ventricle was taken separately. To obtain slices not more than 0.1-0.2 mm in thickness, the heart was transversely cut across the left ventricles. The heart tissue slices were kept in the covered, darkened glass dish containing prewarmed solution of TTC and the dish was kept in an incubator and heated to 37-40 °C for 45 minutes. The heart slices were turned over thrice and made certain that it remains fully immersed in the TTC solution. At the end of the incubation period, kept the heart slice in fixing solution to fix the tissue. Colour photographs of slices were obtained by a camera with macro lens. The expected reaction of the TTC test was as follows: normal myocardium (LDH enzyme active) turned to bright red, infarcted myocardium (LDH enzyme deficient) turned to uncolored white.

College Freshman - How NOT to Gain Weight Essay -- Proposing a Solutio

College Freshman - How NOT to Gain Weight Starting college life is far from difficult; in fact it is fun starting a new way of life. Life without the constant objections from your parents and annoyance from your little sibling is one of the many advantages you gain from college. Cancelled classes, late night parties and deleterious amounts of food make college enjoyable; however, this can lead to weight gain. â€Å"Freshman 15† is not a myth and although you may not be unfortunate enough to gain 15 pounds, you might gain some weight. To avoid gaining weight, freshmen should eat healthy, avoid alcohol, and maintain a positive moral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the problems that cause weight gain is the lack of parental supervision over what the student consumes. In college, a student can easily stock themselves in fatty snacks such as Twinkies, cookies, chocolate, and chips. Also, the all-you-can-eat buffet seems to most likely run out of the pizza, french fries, and ice cream before the salad. A students schedule sometimes plays a factor in the consuming of too many snacks. If a student is in a hurry, he or she will grab a pop tart and be out of the door with a 200 calorie breakfast. A student should keep away from the high-fat snacks and concentrate on salubrious foods. At the cafeteria, a student should try to eat salads and attempt to eat new kinds of foods since the buffet has so much to offer. And for food on-the-go, one should try to buy healthy snacks or try to wake up earlier ...

Feasibility Study on Customized Shirt

Financial Study 5. 1 TOTAL PROJECT COST The L&M partnership needs a total cost of Php 12,000,000 to be able to operate its intended business covering the costs required for its initial operation. The amounts involve the costs of the purchases of office equipment, furniture & fixtures, raw materials, and office supplies; the costs of organizational and legal fees, and the acquisition of various permits and licenses from different government agencies. In addition, the loanable fund also form part in the amount specified.The initial costs of the proposed project are broken down as follows: Petty cash fund Php 15,000 Machinery 1,075,000 Office equipment 1,169,000 Supplies 132,400 Office furniture & fixtures 210,000 Store fixtures and equipment 96,000 Raw materials 555,000 Operating ash 8,839,500 Organizational cost 40,500 Php 12,000,000 5. 2 INITIAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT The initial capital investment will be provided by the following partners: Incorporators |Subscribed Shares |Subscribed A mount |Paid-in Capital | |Labendia, Decerell |24,000 |Php 2,400,000 |Php 2,400,000 | |Lacsa, Ashleen |24,000 |Php 2,400,000 |Php 2,400,000 | |Laroza, Erika |24,000 |Php 2,400,000 |Php 2,400,000 | |Legamia, JohnLouie |24,000 |Php 2,400,000 |Php 2,400,000 | |Maranan, Oly |24,000 |Php 2,400,000 |Php 2,400,000 | |TOTAL |120,000 |Php 12,000,000 |Php 12,000,000 | 5. 3 FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS The financial assumptions of the L&M Partnership comprise the following: †¢ The income tax rate on the partnership is 30%. †¢ Depreciable assets would be depreciated using the straight-line method and would have a useful life of 10-15 years. †¢ Intangible assets are amortized every 5 years. †¢ Repair and maintenance expense would be incurred yearly without subsequent increases. †¢ Rent expense will increase every 5 years by 10%. †¢ Utilities expense will increase by 2% semi-annually. Advertising and promotional expense will increase by 5% annually. †¢ Office supplies e xpense will increase annually by 2%; 80% of these supplies would be used. †¢ Store supplies will increase annually by 2%; 80% of these supplies would be used. †¢ Salaries of the internal auditor, general manager, and supervisor will increase 2% annually. †¢ Salaries of the cashier, bookkeeper, and secretary will increase 4% annually. †¢ Salaries of the client representatives, the credit investigators, the consultants, the collectors will increase by 10% annually. †¢ Fixed selling price is 50% marked-up. †¢ Variable selling price increases annually by 5%. †¢ Sales increases by 4. 68% annually. Raw materials increases by 10% annually, 80% of which are completely manufactured. †¢ Franchise will be allowed at the third year of operation for P 250, 000. †¢ Franchise increases by 1 from the third year. †¢ 20% of sales is on account. 5. 4 PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET Account Titles20132014201520162017 ASSETS Current Assets Cash P 4,562,530 P 4,7 75,260 P 5, 201,002 P 5,445,231 P 5,500,604 Accounts receivable 558,205 600,980 654,620 705,127 723,345 Inventories 855,309 876,340 897,560 927,121 934,340 Total Current P 5,976,044 P 6,252,580 P 6,753,182 P 7,077,479 P 7,158,289 Non-current AssetsPPE P 5,719,762 P 5,829,120 P 5,971,024 P 6,113,261 P 6,321,456 Intangible assets 583,230 599,021 612,234 653,552 721,234 Total non-current P 6,302,992 P 6,428,141 P 6,583,258 P 6,766,813 P 7,042,690 Total assets P12,279,036 P12,680,721 P13,336,440 P13,844,292 P14,200,979 LIABILITIES & PARTNER’S EQUITY Current Liabilities Accounts payable P 128,479 P 301,456 P 502,398 P 600,214 P 733,659 Total current P 128,479 P 301,456 P 502,398 P 600,214 733,659 Partner’s Equity Labendia’s Capital P 2,400,000 P 2,400,000 P 2,400,000 P2,400,000 P 2,400,000Lacsa’s Capital 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 Laroza’s Capital 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 Legamia’s Capital 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 Maranan’s Capital 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 Share in profit(loss) 150,557 379,265 668,220 1,244,078 1,467,320 Total PE P12,150,557 P 12,379,265 P12,668,220 P13,244,078 P13,467,320 TOTAL L&PE P12,279,036 P12,680,721 P13,336,440 P13,844,292 P14,200,979 5. 5 PROJECTED INCOME STATEMENT

Web design and development practices

InroductionThe Web design and development patterns, the reappraisal of the wed design and what are the engineerings we are used and the besides the reappraisal about the effectual web site design patterns, and the is the good pattern. And here besides discuss the Security in the web site design in the E-commerce web sites. And besides include the what type of security mechanism are in the E-commerce web site. In the concluding portion develop an enlightening web site, and that website provide a speedy and easy entree to our recommendations.WEB PAGE DESIGN:Web page design is a procedure of conceptualisation, planning, modeling, and executing of electronic media content bringing via cyberspace in the signifier of engineerings such as grade up linguistic communication like hypertext markup language, xhtml, xml suitable for reading and show by a web browser or other web based graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . The purpose of web design is to make a web site ( a aggregation of electronic files shacking on one or more web waiters ) that presents content ( including synergistic characteristics or interfaces ) to the terminal user in the signifier of web pages one time requested. Such component as text, signifiers, and bitmapped images can be placed on the page utilizing HTML, XHTML and XML tickets. Exposing more complex media ( vector artworks, lifes, pictures, sounds ) normally required circuit boards such as flash, speedy clip, java run clip environment etc. Circuit boards besides embedded into web pages by utilizing HTML or XHTML tickets. Improvements in the assorted browsers ‘ conformity with W3C criterions prompted a widespread credence of XHTML and XML in concurrence with Cascading Style sheets ( CSS ) to place and manipulate web page elements. The latest criterions and proposals aim at taking to the assorted browsers ‘ ability to present a broad assortment of media and handiness options to Clint perchance without using Circuit boards.Typically web pages are classified as inactive or dynamic.* Static pages do n't alter content and layout with every petition a human manually updated the page. * Dynamic pages adapt their content and/or visual aspect depending on the terminal user ‘s input or interaction or alterations in calculating environment. Content can be changed on the client side by utilizing client side scripting linguistic communications ( JavaScript, JScript, Actionscript, media participants and PDF reader circuit boards, etc. ) to change DOM elements ( DHTML ) . Dynamic content is frequently compiled on the waiter utilizing server-side scripting linguistic communications ( PHP, ASP, Perl, Coldfusion, JSP, Python, etc. ) . Both attacks are normally used in complex applications.WEB SITE DESIGN:A web site is a aggregation of information about a peculiar subject or capable. Planing a web site is defined as the agreement and creative activity of web pages that in bend make up a web site. A web page consists of information for which the web site is developed. A web site might be compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page. There are many facets ( design concerns ) in this procedure, and due to the rapid development of the Internet, new facets may emerge. For non-commercial web sites, the ends may change depending on the coveted exposure and response. For typical commercial web sites, the basic facets of design are: * The content: The substance and information on the site should be relevant to the site and should aim the country of the populace that the web site is concerned with. * The serviceability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and pilotage simple and dependable. * The visual aspect: the artworks and text should include a individual manner that flows throughout, to demo consistence. The manner should be professional, appealing and relevant. * The visibleness: the site must besides be easy to happen via most, if non all, major hunt engines and advertisement media. A web site typically consists of text and images. The first page of a web site is known as the Home page or Index. Some web sites use what is normally called a Splash Page. Splash pages might include a welcome message, linguistic communication or part choice, or disclaimer. Each web page within a web site is an HTML file which has its ain URL. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together utilizing a pilotage bill of fare composed of hyperlinks. Faster shoping velocities have led to shorter attending spans and more demanding online visitants and this has resulted in less usage of Splash Pages, peculiarly where commercial web sites are concerned. Once a web site is completed, it must be published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the populace over the cyberspace. This may be done utilizing an FTP client. Once published, the web maestro may utilize a assortment of techniques to increase the traffic, or hits, that the web site receives. This may include subjecting the web site to a searc engine such as Google or Yahoo, interchanging links with other web sites, making associations with similar web sites, etc. [ 1 ]These cardinal subjects needed for an effectual web design include:* Accessibility * User-centred design and serviceability * Internet selling planning and betterment procedure * Information architecture and findability * Search engine optimization ( SEO ) * Web criterions * Persuasion to present concern consequences * Web analytics A · Legal demandsPrinciples of Effective Web Design:There are 14 cardinal facets of web design execution which need to be managed for a successful undertaking. These are broken down into six parts which we have made available as separate subdivisions for easiness of mention. We have summarised the success factors in Success map for effectual web design.Here is an overview, a spirit of what we cover in the different subdivisions:Part 1: Scheme and Planning* Section 2. Internet selling planning and betterment procedure.To make a web site which delivers consequences for its proprietors is non merely about ocular design, itaˆYs non merely about serviceability or handiness or so about the development tools selected. An effectual site requires an in-depth apprehension of market place within which the web site operates. In peculiar, the context for an effectual client experience should be assessed as portion of client experience direction. To understand the market place and to tap int o it requires a sound Internet selling program. In this subdivision, we outline a structured procedure for developing an Internet selling scheme that aligns with an administrations online and offline market places. We besides give illustrations of how strategic ends translate into site designs.Part 2: User-centred design and serviceability* Section 3. User-centred web design procedure.User-centred design ( UCD ) is an established, proven attack to plan or run of merchandises. It has been embraced by web design and serviceability bureaus as a sound attack to presenting customer-centric web sites that deliver value for a concern. It should be a cardinal concern demand to name an bureau which has a sound UCD procedure and the right accomplishment set and experience to put to death it. In this subdivision we introduce the key techniques of UCD such as audience analysis, character development, serviceability and information architecture. We so cover these in more item later in the papers .* Section 4. Web serviceability.The ground why serviceability is critical to website design is obvious. Jakob Nielsen expresses it good in his â€Å" Usability 101 † when he says: â€Å" On the Web, serviceability is a necessary status for endurance. If a web site is hard to utilize, people leave. If the home page fails to clearly province what a company offers and what users can make on the site, people leave. If users get lost on a web site, they leave. If a web site ‘s information is difficult to read or does n't reply users ‘ cardinal inquiries, they leave. Note a form here? † The deduction is that many will ne'er return either. In this subdivision, we examine the principle for serviceability and best attacks for different serviceability techniques including adept reappraisals, questionnaires, interviews, serviceability testing and focal point groups.Part 3: Handiness and Web criterions* Section 5. Web handiness.â€Å" For me being on-line is everything. It ‘s my high-fidelity, it ‘s my beginning of income, it ‘s my supermarket, it ‘s my telephone. It ‘s my manner in. † Lynn Holdsworth, screen reader user, Web Developer and Programmer. ( Beginning: RNIB ) This quotation mark shows the importance of web handiness to a visually impaired user of a web site who uses a screen-reader which reads out the pilotage options and content on a web site. In this subdivision, we review the benefits of implementing handiness and web criterions, different demands for handiness and summarize the topographic points you can travel to happen the latest criterions and tools for measuring the h andiness of your sitesPart 4: Information Architecture* Section 6. Information architecture.â€Å" It is of import to recognize that every information system, be it a book or an intranet, has an information architecture. `Well developed ‘ is the key here, as most sites do n't hold a planned information architecture at all. They are correspondent to edifices that were n't architected in progress. Design determinations reflect the personal prejudices of interior decorators, the infinite does n't scale over clip, engineerings drive the design and non the other manner around. † Rosenfeld and Morville ( 2002 ) Information architecture tends to play the function of the ugly half sister at the Web Design Ball – itaˆYs non sexy for many gustatory sensations. But merely how of import is information architecture ( IA ) ? Where does it come on the list of precedences for a new site design? Is it more of import or less of import than each of serviceability, handiness and persuasion? Most would reason that it is less of import, but we believe the value of information architecture is under-estimated. As the quotation mark suggests, without a sound foundation provided by effectual information architecture a site is likely to be less useable, accessible and less persuasive. In this subdivision, we review structured techniques for making an information architecture including information seeking behavior analysis ; content analysis and papers metadata, card-sorting and controlled vocabularies.* Section 7. Ocular Design.With such a focal point on serviceability, handiness and persuasion in results-led website design, the function of the visuals within a site can be underestimated compared to the more functional facets of website design. But the ocular design surely does hold a major influence on the experience as perceived by visitants and interior decorators surely spend a batch of purpose on the ocular design. In this subdivision, we explore different f acets of acquiring the visuals right including site personality, usage of coloring material, images, typography and page templets and layout.* Section 8. Findability Best Practice Principles.Many web users sing many sites are directed information searchers who are looking for something specific – a peculiar merchandise or peculiar content. And they want to happen it fast. So a cardinal demand of all sites is to do it easy for the site visitant to happen the content – to rapidly link them with what they are looking for. Usability and handiness donaˆYt rather emphasise the importance of this, so we need a new aˆzilityaˆY . Findability. We like this word it emphasises the importance of concentrating on pilotage, on-site hunt and papers metadata within a design undertaking. In this subdivision of the usher, we will take an in-depth expression at maximizing findability on your site through redesigning or polishing your pilotage and hunt maps.* Section 9. Search Engine Optimisation ( SEO ) Best Practice PrinciplesSearch engine optimization ( SEO ) should be built into your program for a new or refined site from the beginning. Amongst interior decorators, there is a argument about how proactive they should be in accomplishing SEO. Some believe that SEO occurs of course with a good quality of criterions based coding. We disagree. Our position is that for commercial sites, it is indispensable to be proactive to derive the best consequences in a competitory market. Good places wonaˆYt go on by accident. SEO should be at the nucleus of all site developments. In this subdivision, we introduce the cardinal practical elements of SEO for interior decorators which determine a websiteaˆYs ranking place.Part 5: Persuasive Design, copywriting and web analytics* Section 10. Persuasive design & A ; copywriting.Persuasive design is possibly talked about less than the other techniques we have covered in this usher such as serviceability and handines s. But in our position, it is every bit of import. Sites which are reviewed, built and monitored through a persuasion attack will probably give better consequences than those where serviceability or handiness is to the bow. In this subdivision, we will exemplify Persuasive Design techniques for different page types and SEO Best Practice by analyzing Econsultancy.com, so demoing some of the aˆzsecrets of our successaˆY . We besides review other sites.* Section 11. Using web analytics to better website design effectivityAlthough â€Å" web analytics † is the formal name for the procedure and tools used to analyze and better the selling effectivity of web sites, many sellers and interior decorators, know it merely as aˆzwebsite statisticsaˆY . Many ab initio view these statistics on a par with pigment drying after seeing the 100 pages of monthly site statistics provided by IT, but if so, they are likely in the incorrect occupation. Consequently, in many companies where the web site is non core to concern activity, these site stats are ignored. But successful e-marketers make the attempt to understand the different studies and so inquire the right inquiries to understand cause, consequence and redress or chance. In this subdivision we introduce different types of web analytics tools and highlight the most utile studies to reexamine in your web analytics system to better website consequences.Part 6: Execution and direction* Section 12. Technical site demands.A site will neglect if it fails to present satisfactory experiences for its visitants. This is non merely down to the factors we have reviewed such as content, serviceability and handiness, but besides dependant on the substructure including hosting, waiters, content direction systems. Speed and handiness are still of import in the broadband universe. In this subdivision, we give arrows on how you can measure and better the public presentation of your web site.* Section 13. The Law â€⠀œ is your site lawfully compliant?Many Torahs have been enacted in many states to command e-communications and e-commerce and to protect the consumer. Website proprietors are capable to these and it is typically managers within a company who are apt, so it is of import to look into your site is compliant. Reputational harm may be greater than the fiscal effects of interrupting the jurisprudence. These Torahs are invariably being refined and new trial instances in the tribunals help clear up the conformity required. While we canaˆYt hope to take you through all the Torahs, and arenaˆYt qualified to make so you should confer with a attorney. In this subdivision, we can explicate the chief types of Torahs to which the proprietors of web sites are capable and point you in the right way for elaborate, up-to-date counsel.* Section 14. Choosing bureaus to back up web design.We have seen that results-led web design is dependent on many success factors. This makes happening the best bureaus for you is disputing. In this subdivision, we look at some of the types of bureaus and issues to see and we give a briefing checklist of issues to see. [ 2 ]Principles OF EFFECTIVE WEB DESIGN:1. Do n't do users believeHarmonizing to Krug ‘s first jurisprudence of serviceability, the web-page should be obvious and self-explanatory. When you ‘re making a site, your occupation is to acquire rid of the inquiry Markss. The determinations users need to do consciously, sing pros, cons and options. If the pilotage and site architecture are n't intuitive, the figure of inquiry Markss grows and makes it harder for users to grok how the system works and how to acquire from point A to point B. A clear construction, moderate ocular hints and easy recognizable links can assist users to happen their way to their purpose.2. Do n't waste users ‘ forbearanceIn every undertaking when you are traveling to offer your visitants some service or tool, seek to maintain your user demands minimum. The less action is required from users to prove a service, the more likely a random visitant is to really seek it out. First-time visitants are willing to play with the service, non make fulling long web signifiers for an history they might ne'er utilize in the hereafter. Let users research the site and detect your services without coercing them into sharing private informations. It ‘s non sensible to coerce users to come in an electronic mail reference to prove the characteristic. As Ryan Singer, The developer of the 37Signals squad provinces, users would likely be eager to supply an electronic mail reference if they were asked for it after they ‘d seen the characteristic work, so they had some thought of what they were traveling to acquire in return.3. Manage to concentrate users ‘ attending:As web-sites provide both inactive and dynamic content, some facets of the user interface pull attending more than others do. Obviously, images are more attention-getting than the text merely as the sentences marked as bold are more attractive than apparent text. The human oculus is a extremely non-linear device, and web-users can immediately acknowledge borders, forms and gestures. This is why video-based advertizements are highly bothersome and distracting, but from the marketing position they absolutely do the occupation of capturing users ‘ attending.4. Strive for characteristic exposure:Modern web designs are normally criticized due to their attack of steering users with visually appealing 1-2-3-done-steps, big buttons with ocular effects etc. But from the design position these elements really are n't a bad thing. On the contrary, such guidelines are highly effectual as they lead the visitants through the site content in a really simple and user-friendly manner.5. Make usage of effectual authorship:As the Web is different from print, it ‘s necessary to set the authorship manner to users ‘ penchants and shoping wonts. Promotional authorship wo n't be read. Long text blocks without images and keywords marked in bold or it alics will be skipped. Exaggerated linguistic communication will be ignored. Talk concern. Avoid cute or clever names, selling induced names, company-specific names, and unfamiliar proficient names. For case, if you describe a service and want users to make an history, â€Å" mark up † is better than â€Å" get down now! † which is once more better than â€Å" research our services † .An optimum solution for effectual authorship is to* usage short and concise phrases ( come to the point every bit rapidly as possible ) , * usage scannable layout ( categorise the content, use multiple header degrees, use ocular elements and bulleted lists which break the flow of unvarying text blocks ) , * usage field and nonsubjective linguistic communication ( a publicity does n't necessitate to sound like advertizement ; give your users some sensible and nonsubjective ground why they should utilize your service or remain on your web-site ) .6. Strive for simpleness:The â€Å" maintain it simple † rule ( KIS ) should be the primary end of site design. Users are seldom on a site to bask the design ; moreover, in most instances they are looking for the information despite the design. Strive for simpleness alternatively of complexness7. Do n't be afraid of the white infinite:Actually it ‘s truly difficult to overrate the importance of white infinite. Not merely does it assist to cut down the cognitive burden for the visitants, but it makes it possible to comprehend the information presented on the screen. When a new visitant approaches a design layout, the first thing he/she attempts to make is to scan the page and split the content country into digestible pieces of infor mation. Complex constructions are harder to read, scan, analyze and work with. If you have the pick between dividing two design sections by a seeable line or by some whitespace, it ‘s normally better to utilize the whitespace solution. Hierarchical constructions cut down complexness ( Simon ‘s Law ) : the better you manage to supply users with a sense of ocular hierarchy, the easier your content will be to comprehend.8. Communicate efficaciously with a â€Å" seeable linguistic communication † :In his documents on effectual ocular communicating, Aaron Marcus provinces three cardinal rules involved in the usage of the alleged â€Å" seeable linguistic communication † the content users see on a screen. * Organize: supply the user with a clear and consistent conceptual construction. Consistency, screen layout, relationships and navigability are of import constructs of organisation. The same conventions and regulations should be applied to all elements. * Economize: do the most with the least sum of cues and ocular elements. Four major points to be considered: simpleness, lucidity, peculiarity, and accent. Simplicity includes merely the elements that are most of import for communicating. Clarity: all constituents should be designed so their significance is non equivocal. Peculiarity: the of import belongingss of the necessary elements should be distinguishable. Emphasis: the most of import elements should be easy perceived. * Communicate: fit the presentation to the capablenesss of the user. The user interface must maintain in balance discernability, readability, typography, symbolism, multiple positions, and colour or texture in order to pass on successfully. Use soap. 3 fonts in a upper limit of 3 point sizes a upper limit of 18 words or 50-80 characters per line of text.9. Conventions are our friends:Conventional design of site elements does n't ensue in a deadening web site. In fact, conventions are really utile as they cut down the acquisition curve, the demand to calculate out how things work. For case, it would be a serviceability incubus if all web-sites had different ocular presentation of RSS-feeds. That ‘s non that different from our regular life where we tend to acquire used to basic rules of how we organize informations ( booklets ) or do shopping ( arrangement of merchandises ) . With conventions you can derive users ‘ assurance, trust, and dependability and turn out your credibleness. Follow users ‘ outlooks – understand what they ‘re anticipating from a site pilotage, text construction, hunt arrangement etc.10. Test early, trial frequently:This alleged TETO-principle should be applied to every web design undertaking as serviceability trials frequently provide important penetrations into important jobs and issues related to a given layout. Test non excessively tardily, non excessively small and non for the incorrect grounds. In the latter instance it ‘s necessary to understand that most design determinations are local ; that means that you ca n't universally reply whether some layout is better than the other one as you need to analyse it from a really specific point of position ( sing demands, stakeholders, budget etc. ) .Some of import points to maintain in head:* Harmonizing to Steve Krug, proving one user is 100 % better than proving none and proving one user early in the undertaking is better than proving 50 near the terminal. Harmonizing to Boehm ‘s first jurisprudence, mistakes are most frequent during demands and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed. * Testing is an iterative procedure. That means that you design something, trial it, fix it and so prove it once more. There might be jobs which have n't been found during the first unit of ammunition as users were practically blocked by other jobs. * serviceability trials ever produce utile consequences. Either you ‘ll be pointed to the jobs you have or you ‘ll be pointed to the absence of major design defect which is in both instances a utile penetration for your undertaking. * harmonizing to Weinberg ‘s jurisprudence, a developer is unsuited to prove his or her codification. This holds for interior decorators every bit good. After you ‘ve worked on a site for few hebdomads, you ca n't detect it from a fresh position any longer. You know how it is built and hence you know precisely how it works – you have the wisdom independent examiners and visitants of your site would n't hold. [ 4 ]2. Web Design Security:Introduction:The Web is one of the most radical engineerings that changes the concern environment and has a dramatic impact on the hereafter of electronic commercialism ( EC ) . The hereafter of EC will speed up the displacement of the power toward the consumer, which will take to cardinal alterations in the manner companies relate to their clients and vie with one another ( Slywotzky, 2000 ) .The huge popularity of the Internet indecent old ages has been fuelled mostly by the chance of executing concern on-line. More and more compan ies set up their ain corporate LANs by Intranet, use Extranet and Internet to work collaboratively with their clients, providers, and spouses. The Internet can convey down physical barriers to commerce, about instantly giving even the smallest concern entree to untapped markets around the universe. At the same clip, consumers can carry on concern and do purchases from companies antecedently unavailable to them. Furthermore, companies are able to put marketing stuff on Internet waiters runing from simple advertisement to comprehensive practical booklets. In today ‘s planetary market place, fast dependable information is a necessity for most companies to achieve some sort of competitory advantage. For range 1000000s of users on the Internet 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Electronic commercialism is defined as purchasing and merchandising of merchandise, services or information via computing machine webs, chiefly the Internet. As the fastest turning aspect of the Internet and other information engineerings, EC offers functionality and new ways of making concern that no company can afford to disregard. The footing for trav eling to an electronic commercialism is a belief that electronic markets have the possible to be more efficient in developing new formation-based goods and services, Finding planetary clients and merchandising spouses to carry on concern. Electronic commercialism via the Internet or the following coevals Internet Protocol, IPv6, will alter concern establishments, operations and products/services as we know today, merely as the telephone, Television, facsimile, and e-mail changed the manner concerns and consumers Communicate. Electronic commercialism has become really popular because of the benefits and the convenience it brings along. As shown in Table I, the benefits include merchandise publicity, cost economy, timely information, shortened remittal clip, information consistence, better client service, better client relationship, customization of merchandises, competitory advantages, and convenience of making concern.Security tips for website design:Define and measure the security hazards:Specify what the security demands are, how information is classified, a security policy, how the policy will be monitored and who is responsible. List everything that is used, interacted with or altered by the web site. Classify the informations based on sensitiveness and the consequence unauthorized alteration, release or loss would hold on your concern. This will help make up one's minding where the most attempt should be placed in protection. For really simple systems with no sensitive informations, merely insist on some standard security baselines for the undertaking. If the web site or web application is more complex or includes sensitive informations, see making a menace theoretical account and place the menaces and possible exposures. The analysis will help development of the web site ‘s demands and is really utile to the development squad.Take a holistic position:Information security is non merely about forestalling larceny or harm. It besides includes guaranti ng your web site is available, is fast adequate, following with legal and regulative demands, supplying accurate information, forestalling release of confidential information to unauthorized users protecting your concern informations and rational belongings from mis-use or loss, inappropriate usage, protecting your users, guaranting concern continuity and supplying the ability to analyze and larn from incidents. Balance the degree of security with easiness of usage and cost restraints.Do n't swear anyone else ‘s informations ( or your ain ) :Your web site will hold input from users, but besides from other beginnings such as intelligence provenders, other purchased informations and the back-office systems of your ain administration and possibly of spouses. All this information should be validated on input and on end product to protect users and systems.Enforce reappraisal and blessing at each milestone:By set abouting a reappraisal of security into the undertaking ‘s mile stones and formal blessing, security becomes built into the development procedure and security issues can be tackled every bit shortly as possible. The earlier security is thought approximately, the cheaper it is to extenuate hazards. Build alteration control methodological analysis into the design procedure.Help the development squad codification firmly:Good development patterns should guarantee that the development squad are working to a consistent model and that developers produce high quality codification. Software will ever incorporate mistakes, but with preparation, usage of development criterions and guidelines, security hazards can be minimised. Ensure that you provide adequate clip to develop the web site or web application firmly – non merely accomplish the functionality demands.Integrate security into the proving programme:All undertakings must include structured testing. The menace theoretical account ( see No 4 above ) can be used to assist make test scenarios. S ecurity proving involves look intoing what is non allowed every bit good as the intended functionality. This requires a alteration in mentality for conventional examiners.Deploy the web site firmly:Development, trial and unrecorded environments may be configured otherwise and many security issues can originate because of this. The direction of the apparatus and launch of the website demands to be undertaken in a controlled and defined manner to guarantee all the security controls are in topographic point and extra exposures are non created. Document the constellation and any future changes.Include security in every contract and service degree understanding:Specify what security protection you need from your providers, spouses and sub-contractors. Use the same processes to measure their security as you would your ain. Identify what security monitoring you require and how security breaches will be detected and disclosed Consider catastrophe recovery ( and concern continuity ) : See what might do loss of handiness of the web site and place the likeliness of happening and the consequence on the concern. Examine whether actions should be taken to extinguish, cut down, insure or accept the hazards. [ 5 ]The benefits of electronic commercialism:Merchandise publicity: Through a direct, information-rich and synergistic contact with clients, EC enhances the publicity of merchandises. Electronic medium besides allows interactivity and customization for advertisement content, based on the client profile or input. EC therefore offers an chance for new publicity schemes, heightening the stigmatization of merchandises. Cost economy: By utilizing a public shared substructure such as the Internet and digitally conveying and recycling information, EC systems lower the cost of presenting information to clients, including forces, phone, postage, and printing costs. Timely information: Due to their instantaneous nature, EC systems allow a decrease of the rhythm clip required to bring forth and present information and services. Shortened remittal clip: With electronic financess transfer ( EFT ) , clients send their remittals electronically to the company ‘s bank. This agreement eliminates the clip hold associated with the remittal in the mail system Information consistence: EC ensures the consistence and truth of information through sharing of information and usage of electronic signifiers for making concern. Better client service: The ability to supply online replies to jobs through declaration ushers, archives of normally encountered jobs and electronic mail interaction 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 365 yearss a twelvemonth, builds client assurance and keeping. Better client relationship: EC enables the larning about clients due to its ability to enter every event in which a client asks for information about a merchandise, buys one, requests client service, etc. Through these interactions, the demands of the client are identified and will feed future selling attempts. Customization of merchandises: The information-based nature of the EC procedures allows for new merchandises to be Created or bing merchandises to be customized based on clients ‘ exact demands. Competitive advantages: EC enables a company to accomplish competitory advantages of: cost salvaging based on Reduced advertising/promotion costs ; merchandise distinction by custom-making Merchandises and timely response to market ; client focal point through better client Relationships and better client services. Convenience of making concern: There is no bound on clip and location to carry on a concern with related parties. The information delivered to makers, providers and warehouses is about existent clip.E-commerce Web site design theoretical accounts:There is no uncertainty that many Web design theoretical accounts exist on the Internet and new theoretical accounts are increasing efficiently. EC is non merely about making concern over the Internet, it is about altering the manner companies do concern. It is about making new concern theoretical accounts while transforming traditional 1s. After sing many Web sites, a sum of 12 Web site design theoretical accounts for EC were found, the first four theoretical accounts that related to the informational/communicational design are: 1. Brand consciousness and image edifice theoretical account ; 2. cost salvaging theoretical account ; 3. Promotion theoretical account ; and 4.info-mediary theoretical accountBrand consciousness and image edificeModel:Web sites that use this theoretical account provide detailed, rational information about the house and its offerings. They may besides function as a signal to current and prospective clients and rivals that the house is on the film editing border. The theoretical account reaches motivated clients with an information/image-rich communications message. Because the entry barriers are so low, smaller houses can put up this sort of site as good or in some instances even better than larger houses. Examples of the trade name consciousness and image edifice theoretical account include: * Ford ( www.ford.com ) non merely lists all the theoretical accounts of its seven celebrated automotive trade names, but besides posts its environmental policy, cleaner fabrication, community engagement, and corporate citizenship study. * Reebok ( www.reebok.com ) lets visitants read about athleticss and fittingness, hear from Reebok-sponsored jocks, and larn about Reebok ‘s human-rights activities, among other things.Cost salvaging theoretical account:Salvaging from commercial activity on the Web includes cost-efficient nest eggs and productiveness nest eggs. By straight run intoing information demands, a Web site can be extremely cost-efficient. Many companies now use their Web site to back up the ownership stage of the client service life rhythm. Productivity nest eggs arise from decrease in order and processing costs and more efficient stock list direction. Cost nest eggs result through decreased booklet printing and distribution costs and decreases in order-taking as clients use fill-out signifiers to fix their ain orders. As control is efficaciously transferred to the client, client satisfaction might really be increased.Examples of the cost salvaging theoretical account include:* Microsoft ( www.microso ft.com ) provides voluminous support stuff, unrecorded sound broadcasts of Microsoft conferences, merchandise user groups, and free download of the spot and auxiliary plans. * FedEx ( www.fedex.com ) has a Web-based package tracking service. The Web site saves at least 100,000 shipment tracking petitions a twenty-four hours. The nest eggs from cut downing the figure of employees in replying standard client enquiries are enormous.Promotion theoretical account:The publicity theoretical account represents a alone signifier of advertisement that attracts a possible client to a site. The aim is to pull the user to the commercial site behind it. In many instances, Web sites provide free gifts to acquire users ‘ attending. The gifts typically include digitized stuff such as package, exposure, music, and consumer studies.Examples of the publicity theoretical account include:* Auto-By-Tel ( www.autobytel.com ) offers a comprehensive consumer study for all major makers. It attracts consumers to see the site to read the study and compare the monetary value. The Web site produces important gross revenues for local auto traders. * Kodak ( www.kodak.com ) provides proficient aid and tutorials for its digital cameras and offers a library of colourful, high-quality digital images that are downloadable.Info-mediary theoretical accountAn info-mediary may offer users free Internet entree or free hardware in exchange for elaborate information about their surfboarding and buying wonts. This is more likely to win than the pure publicity theoretical account. Datas about consumers and their purchasing wonts are highly valuable. Particularly when that Information is carefully analyzed and used to aim selling runs. Some houses are able to work as info-mediaries by roll uping and selling information to other concerns. The theoretical account can besides work in the other way: supplying consumers with utile information about the Web sites in a market section that compete for their dollar.Examples of the info-mediary theoretical account include:* Audio Review ( www.AudioReview.com ) is a site that allows users to interchange information with each other about the quality of merchandises and services A ± or the Sellerss with whom they have had a good/ bad purchase experience. Other sites take the construct a measure farther by incorporating an intelligent agent into a Web browser.Such agents monitor a user ‘s wonts, thereby increasing the relevancy of its recommendations to the user ‘s demands A ± and the value of the informations to the aggregator. * New York Times ( www.NYTimes.com ) , a content-based site, is free to see but requires users merely to register ( other information may or may non be collected ) . Registration allows inter-session trailing of users ‘ site use forms and thereby generates informations of greater possible value in targeted advertisement runs. This is the most basic signifier of info-mediary theoretical account. [ 6 ]Decision:In the web design and development pattern, the concluding reappraisal as Tell that the good web design pattern and the bad design pattern in the good and bad design pattern the design of the web site as the depends on the manner that the web site was the developed and the which engineerings are used for that development of the web site. In that we eventually concluded that the website good and the bad as depended on which engineering as used for developing of the wed page.Mentions:[ 1 ] .http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Design [ 2 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //econsultancy.com/reports/web-design-best-practice-guide [ 3 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //econsultancy.com/reports/web-design-best-practice-guide-figure [ 4 ] .http: //www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/01/31/10-principles-of-effective-web-design/ [ 5 ] .http: //www.watsonhall.com/methodology/top10s.pl. [ 6 ] .http: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/0460090101.pd3. Website Development1. Main.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: ruddy } h1 { background-color: white } h2 { background-color: white } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 class= † font3 † & gt ; & lt ; a href= † home.html † & gt ; Home & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † gallery.html † & gt ; Histroy & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † players.html † & gt ; Players & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † photos.html † & gt ; Gallery & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † Contact.html † & gt ; Contact Us & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † Q & A ; A.html † & gt ; Q & A ; A & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; img src= † liverpool.jpg † , width=95 % , height=1 % & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;2. Home.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: ruddy } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: transparent } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; img src= † liverpool.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; img src= † 1.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; img src= † 2.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Home & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h2 & gt ; History of Liverpool F.C & lt ; /h2 & gt ; & lt ; p & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; If it was n't for one adult male, Liverpool Football Club would ne'er hold been born. When Everton left Anfield in a difference over rent in 1892, nine president John Houlding stayed behind along with a smattering of protagonists and merely three first-team participants. But he was determined to see football continue at the land. He formed a new nine from abrasion, chose the name Liverpool†¦ and created a fable. Even John Houlding could n't hold predicted how successful it would go. More than 100 old ages on, no English nine can fit the LiverpoolFC axial rotation of honor ; League Champions 18 times, FA Cup victors seven times, League Cup victors seven times, European Cup victors five times and UEFA Cup victors three times. When it is completed, the History channel will chart the rise and rise of Liverpool FC to the really acme of the England game, from the battles of the early old ages right up to Gerard Houllier ‘s historic soprano in 2001. This channel will remember glorious domestic triumphs and European victory and reflect on the calamities of Heysel and Hillsborough. We ‘ve focused on 10 cardinal day of the months in Liverpool Football Club ‘s history to get down with but over clip, we ‘ll hold over 100 chapters in this subdivision entirely as we present the ultimate history of England ‘s greatest of all time football nine. This is a narrative of unbelievable passion and plume – a narrative that non merely inspires Liverpool fans but football protagonists the universe over. & lt ; /p & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;3. Gallery.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; L.F.C HISTORY & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; ul type= † phonograph record † & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1892 – Liverpool Football Club formed & lt ; /li & gt ; : The history of Liverpool Football Club begins with our greatest challengers and neighbors, Everton, for it was from a difference with Everton that Liverpool Football Club was born. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1959 – Shankly appointed director & lt ; /li & gt ; : December 1st 1959 is a day of the month that will everlastingly be etched in the annals of Anfield history. For it was on this twenty-four hours that Liverpool Football Club announced Huddersfield Town foreman Bill Shankly would be their new director in sequence to Phil Taylor. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1965 – Wining the FA Cup for first clip & lt ; /li & gt ; : There was a feeling of quiet optimism around Anfield that this could, at last, be Liverpool ‘s twelvemonth in the competition we so urgently desired success in. After all, we were the reigning conference title-holders and, under Bill Shankly, anything seemed possible. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1977 – European Champions & lt ; /li & gt ; : If winning the FA Cup for the first clip in 1965 is regarded as the greatest twenty-four hours in the history of Liverpool Football Club, so there is no uncertainty that winning the European Cup for the first clip in 1977 was the greatest dark. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2001 – Clinching the cup soprano & lt ; /li & gt ; : Merely four yearss after dramatically snaping the FA Cup from Arsenal ‘s appreciation in Cardiff, and with the Worthington Cup already safely tucked away in the Anfield trophy cabinet, Liverpool ‘s category of 2001 completed an unprecedented cup soprano. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2005 – Champions League Winners 2005 & lt ; /li & gt ; : On what will travel down every bit THE most unbelievable dark in this nine ‘s celebrated history Liverpool reclaimed their Crown as Kings of Europe after miraculously get the better ofing a 3-0 half-time shortage to get the better of AC Milan at the Ataturk Stadium in Istanbul. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2006 – FA CUP WINNERS 2006 & lt ; /li & gt ; : The 2006 FA Cup Final will be remembered in Anfield folklore as the Gerrard concluding as captain antic Steven Gerrard rescued Liverpool with a arresting last minute equalizer to interrupt West Ham ‘s Black Marias and force extra-time†¦ & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;4. Players.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; TEAM SQUAD & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; Liverpool FC Squad – 2008-2009: & lt ; /h4 & gt ; & lt ; ol & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Diego Cavalieri & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Andrea Dossena & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Sami Hyypia & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Daniel Agger & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Robbie Keane & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Steven Gerrard & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Andriy Voronin & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Albert Riera & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Fabio Aurelio & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Xabi Alonso & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Yossi Benayoun & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Jermaine Pennant & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Alvaro Arbeloa & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Dirk Kuyt Louise & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Ryan Babel Victor & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Javier Mascherano & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Lucas Leiva Felix & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Emiliano Insua & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Jamie Carragher & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; David Ngog & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Pepe Reina & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; Liverpool FC Staff & lt ; /h4 & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; table border= † 1 † & gt ; & lt ; tr & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Manager & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Assistant Manager & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Reserve Team Manage & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; First-team Coach & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Fitness Coach & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; tr & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Rafael Benitez & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Sammy Lee & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Gary Ablett & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Mauricio Pellegrino & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Paco De Miguel & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; /table & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;5. Photos.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Gallery & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; h4 { colour: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; dl & gt ; & lt ; ul & gt ; & lt ; dt & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; GALLERY & lt ; h4 & gt ; & lt ; /dt & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; dd & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; a href= † 22.html † & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; PLAYERS GALLERY & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; /dd & gt ; & lt ; dd & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; a href= † 21.html † & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; L.F.C GALLERY & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; /dd & gt ; & lt ; /ul & gt ; & lt ; /dl & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ;6. Contact.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Contact us & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; CONTACT US BY PHONE: & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; CONTACT US BY EMAIL: & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;7. Q & A ; A.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Q & A ; A & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; ol & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: History of the L.F.C? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † gallery.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: Players list of L.F.C? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † players.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: L.F.C contact Details? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † contact.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;DESCRIPTION OF WEBSITE:In the developed web site there are seven html files are at that place, each hypertext markup language file as the inter linked with each of the file. The seven hypertext markup language files are main.html, home.html, gallery.html, photos.html, players.html, contact.html, Q & A ; A.html.Main.html:The main.html is the chief page of the web site in this page, this page as the linked with the all pages of the web site, this page as the displayed as the background of the L.F.C exposure. In this page I implemented the CSS.Home.Html:The home.html as the place page of the web site the in this page we the headers and the Para of the texts as the about the L.F.C.And besides in this page displayed the three images as the left foreigner and centralised and right aligned as the used.Gallery.html:The gallery.html as the content of the gallery of the L.F.C. in this page we i implemented the bulleted list for the points.Player.html:In this palyers.html I i mplemented the a numbered list and the besides the implemented the two tabular arraies as used the name of the squad of L.F.C.Photes.html:The photos.html as the usage exposure of the participants and the L.F.C bowl, in this page I implemented the the inter connexion of the pages and the besides the define list as the used in this page.Contact.html:The contact.html as the usage the contact list of the L.F.C, in this one implement the electronic mail Idaho that can be used for the direct contact of the electronic mail.Q & A ; A.html:The Q & A ; A.html as the usage the inquiry reply of the developed web site. In this page I implementeted the ground tackle links as the replies.

The Many French Expressions With Avoir (to Have)

The Many French Expressions With Avoir (to Have) The French verb avoir (to have) is one of the most useful, flexible, and basic verbs in the French language, which probably explains its propensity to pop up in a slew of idiomatic expressions. French idiomatic expressions using avoir take you on a tour of the human condition, from feeling blue to feeling great, having charm to having the giggles, being right to being wrong. Expressions That Use Avoir Here are a few of the many expressions that use avoir. avoir ___ ans  Ã‚  to be ___ years oldavoir    infinitive to have to do somethingavoir beau infinitive despite doing, however much (one) doesavoir besoin de   to needavoir chaud   to be hotavoir confiance en   to trustavoir de la chance   to be luckyavoir du charme   to have charmavoir du chien (informal) to be attractive, have a certain somethingavoir du pain sur la planche (informal) to have a lot to do, have a lot on ones plateavoir du pot (informal) to be luckyavoir envie de   to wantavoir faim   to be hungryavoir froid   to be coldavoir honte de   to be ashamed of/aboutavoir horreur de   to detest/loatheavoir lair (de)  Ã‚  to look (like)avoir la frite  Ã‚  to feel greatavoir la gueule de bois  Ã‚  to have a hangover, to be hungoveravoir la patate   to feel greatavoir le beurre et largent du beurre  Ã‚  to have ones cake and eat it tooavoir le cafard (informal) to feel low / blue / down in the dumpsavoir lesprit de lescalier  Ã‚  to be unable to think of witty comebacks in time avoir le fou rire   to have the gigglesavoir le mal de mer   to be seasickavoir les chevilles qui enflent (informal) to be full of oneselfavoir lhabitude de   to be used to, in the habit ofavoir lheure   to have (know) the timeavoir lieu   to take placeavoir lintention de   to intend / plan toavoir mal la tà ªte, aux yeux, lestomac   to have a headache, a stomachache, eye painavoir mal au cÅ“ur   to be sick to ones stomachavoir peur de   to be afraidavoir raison   to be rightavoir soif   to be thirstyavoir sommeil   to be sleepyavoir tort   to be wrongavoir un chat dans la gorge  Ã‚  to have a frog in ones throatavoir un cheveu (sur la langue) (informal) to lispavoir un petit creux (informal) to be a little hungry / peckishavoir un poil dans la main (informal) to be lazyavoir un trou (de mà ©moire)   to have a memory loss, to have ones mind go blankavoir une dent contre quelquun (informal) to hold a grudge against someoneavoir une faim de lou p (informal) to be ravenous, famished chacun a son goà »t  Ã‚  to each his ownen avoir (familiar) to have gutsen avoir ras le bol (informal)   to be fed upil y a   noun there is, there are ___il y a period of time ___ agonavoir qu infinitive to just / only have to do somethingQuand les poules auront des dents  !  Ã‚  When pigs fly!Un tiens vaut mieux que deux tu lauras.  Ã‚  A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.vendre la peau de lours (avant de lavoir tuà ©)  Ã‚  to count ones chickens (before theyre hatched)

Multiple Intelligences Essays

Multiple Intelligences Essays Multiple Intelligences Essay Multiple Intelligences Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Multiple Intelligences Intelligence is an inborn ability that can be tested by specific assessment methods. One has to be intelligent to pass the tests given to them. Intelligence is a natural attribute that cannot be acquired from other human beings. An intelligent person is an all-rounded individual skilled in diverse subjects. It constitutes the ability to address specific problems that plague their community. An intelligent person finds methods and ways through which certain problems in society can be solved. The relationship between culture and intelligence is based on the notion that intelligence is aimed at solving specific cultural problems. Intelligence is used to identify the problem and then create solutions to that problem. Intelligence also creates culturally compatible ways to transmit ideas and problem solving knowledge to the community. There are certain cultural roles that require the problem solving ability of intelligent individuals. These cultural roles can however only be solved by a combination of intelligences. Society values logical or mathematical intelligence highly because it is considered more complex than other intelligences. Even though logical intelligence is complex and reserved to the knowledge of a few it should not be highly considered. Logical intelligence cannot exist alone. It is complemented by the other intelligences. Intelligence functions as a combined force and hence every single intelligence ought to be rated as high as the other. It should therefore be rated at the same level as the other intelligences. Intelligence enables an individual to solve complex cultural and societal problems. An intelligent individual identifies problems in society and creates solutions for these problems. Intelligence also enables people to find out ways through which they can convey the problem solving knowledge they possess to other members of society. It entails sharing vital information with those who are directly affected by the problem in order to prevent further problems from arising. Education on the other hand only measures one’s ability to solve logical and linguistic problems. The educated individual is devoid of problem solving qualities. They are only equipped with class-based knowledge in specific fields compared to the all-rounded intelligent individual. Education considers only particular skills while problem solving requires a combination of multiple skills. Education can enhance the seven forms of intelligence. The intelligence level of students can be enhanced through education when the appropriate teaching methods are used. Education should entail methods that incorporate all the seven intelligences. It should strive to develop students’ particular intelligences rather than concentrate only on logical and linguistic intelligences. Intelligence is not fixed. It can be developed to greater and more productive levels. An example is the students who gradually develop their performances in school and end up being better professionals after school. A student can work hard to develop their particular intelligences and in turn gain more knowledge from the experience they get. It is important to identify the skill combination that an individual to be able to suggest appropriate methods through which such skills can be further developed. Knowledge of all the skills and intelligences will allow one to create the best way to assess such an individual. The problem solving process is not a function of a single intelligence. It is rather the function of a collection of multiple intelligences. Assessing a person’s ability based on single intelligences is not an appropriate method of testing one’s ability. Thus, individuals should be assessed based on their multiple skills to prepare them for suitable careers in the future.

Aristotle and Meteorology Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Meteorology Essay Introduction: Aristotle wrote about many subjects that can be grouped into five general divisions: logic, physical works, psychological works, natural history works, and philosophical works. One of the little known physical works concerned meteorology. Aristotle’s views on meteorology are fascinating, but many of the views were not accurate. This paper compares only a few of his views to actual meteorological facts. I. Biography A. Birth and growth B. Influence on writings II. Basis of Aristotle’s meteorology A. Elements and theory B. Science and facts III. Water vapor and precipitation A. Aristotle’s view B. Science and fact. IV. Winds A. Aristotle’s view B. Science and fact Conclusion: Aristotle explained the various meteorological phenomenon in simplistic terms. The explanations match his theory of how matter and shape were interrelated. Aristotle’s ideas on water vapor and precipitation were somewhat accurate, considering that there were no tools to measure the atmosphere in his time. His views on wind, however, were not accurate at all. He wrote extensively on winds, but never fully comprehended how wind occurred. September 5, 2000 Aristotle on Meteorology Aristotle was born in 384 BC, at Stagirus, a Greek colony on the Aegean Sea near Macedonia. In 367 BC, Aristotle entered the Academy at Athens and studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. In the later years of his association with Plato and the Academy, he began to lecture on his own account, especially on the subject of rhetoric. When Plato died in 347, Aristotle and another of Plato’s students, Xenocrates, left Athens for Assus, and set up an academy (Encyclopedia 2). In 342, Aristotle returned to Macedonia and became the tutor to a very young Alexander the Great. He did this for the next five to seven years. Both Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle high honor. There are stories that indicate the Macedonian court supplied Aristotle with funds for teaching, and with slaves to collect specimens for his studies in natural science (Encyclopedia 4). Aristotle returned to Athens when Alexander the Great began his conquests. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens (Encyclopedia 5). Aristotle thus set up his own school at a place called the Lyceum. When teaching at the Lyceum, Aristotle had a habit of walking about as he discoursed. It was because of this that his followers became known in later years as the peripatetics, meaning, â€Å"to walk about† (Shakian 126). For the next thirteen years, he devoted his energies to his teaching and composing his philosophical treatises. His institution integrated extensive equipment, including maps and the largest library collection in Europe. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BC, the pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against Aristotle. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) â€Å"The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates† (Encyclopedia 5). In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BC (Encyclopedia 7). One of Aristotle’s writings is about meteorology. His theories are based on his belief that all objects in the world are composed of form and matter and the world is arranged according to the relative standing each object occupies in the universe (Shakian 127). This basis led to his theory that any motion was from the center or to the center (Encyclopedia 28). Aristotle saw the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter on one end, and matter without form on the other end. Additionally, he believed all matter is made of four bodies: fire, air, water, and earth (Encyclopedia 29). With this information as a basis, it is no wonder that any remaining theories would probably be incorrect. Scientific fact cannot disprove that all objects are of form and matter. Any one can agree or disagree with that philosophy. However, scientific fact does show that movement can occur in directions away from the center or toward the center. For example, solar radiation from the sun does not travel in direct lines to or from a center. Some of the radiation scatters into space. Some is reflects from the earth’s surface and is lost into space (Lutgens 37-43). Air molecules do not move toward or away from a center. Air particles move in an infinite number of directions due to molecule size, shape, weight and composition. Finally, Aristotle’s theory that matter is made of four bodies is dramatically short sighted. Air is a mixture of at least nine different components and is constantly changing in composition. Nitrogen and oxygen make up nearly 99% of the volume of dry air. Of all the components of air, carbon dioxide is the most interest to meteorologists (Lutgens 5). In all fairness, Aristotle had no way to measure or determine the exact components of the atmosphere. In book 1, part 3 of Aristotle’s meteorology, Aristotle describes his explanation of water vapor. His explanation describes the area between the surface of the earth and the visible portion of the Milky Way. It is important to note that he views the Milky Way as a plane or upper level surface (Aristotle, â€Å"Meteorology† 253). Aristotle is very close to a scientific answer when he deduced â€Å"that what immediately surrounds the earth is not mere air, but a sort of vapour, and that its vaporous nature is the reason why it condenses back to water again† (Aristotle, â€Å"Meteorology† 253). His logic is interesting when he indicates that this expanse of a body cannot be fire â€Å"for then all the rest would have dried up† (Aristotle â€Å"Meteorology† 254). In part 9, Aristotle addressed the issue of precipitation. He explained that air condensing into water becomes a cloud. Mist is what remains when a cloud condenses into water. He further explained that when water falls in small drops, it is drizzle, and when the drops are larger, it is called rain (Aristotle â€Å"Meteorology† 267). This is one area where Aristotle was close to accurate. One flaw is his view of the Milky Way as a flat plane. Science has shown that the Milky Way is just one of an infinite number of star galaxies. Aristotle realized water vapor existed. He also realized that the area between the earth and the heavens was not fire. What Aristotle deduced as water vapor is scientifically referred to as a parcel of air. As the air parcel rises, it cools and may condense to form a cloud (Lutgens 81). Aristotle believed the remains of water vapor that did not form a cloud was mist. Actually, what remains is just other air parcels. The energy used to condense the air molecule is released as latent heat creating a cycle of rising and sinking air molecules (Lutgens 82-83). Aristotle provided names for the size of water droplets. It is possible that Aristotle coined the names drizzle and rain. Scientifically, drizzle is defined as small droplets of less than . 5 mm. Rain is defined as droplets of . 5 mm to 5 mm (Lutgens 131). Aristotle dedicated several chapters to the theory of winds. Without scientific measurements, the cause or theory of wind was difficult to determine or explain. Aristotle compared wind to a flowing river in book 1 (Aristotle â€Å"Meteorology† 348). Unfortunately, Aristotle could not discern why the river of wind never dried up. Therefore, he abandoned that theory and analogy of wind and simply tried to explain rivers instead. In book two, he dedicated three more chapters to wind. Aristotle used his theory of water vapor and direct observation of something he called smoke to describe the occurrence of wind. He related the rising water vapor and the heat of the sun. This combination created wind. Rain contributed to wind development by causing calm winds after a rain (Encyclopedia 191). Wind must have been a difficult subject for Aristotle to explain, considering how much was written about the subject. The facts indicate he was close to an answer but never fully understood the concept of wind. The definition of wind is the result of horizontal differences in air pressure. Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. It is nature’s method to balance inequalities of pressure. Unequal heating of the earth’s surface generates the pressure differences. Therefore, solar radiation is the ultimate driving force of wind (Lutgens 149). The effects Aristotle explained were often the results of the pressure changes. He realized the sun had some influence. The clam wind after a rain is an occurrence with strong thunderstorms that leave a micro scale high-pressure dome in their wake (Lutgens 153). Aristotle explained the various meteorological phenomenon in simplistic terms. The explanations match his theory of how matter and shape were interrelated. Aristotle’s ideas on water vapor and precipitation were somewhat accurate, considering there were no tools to measure the atmosphere in his time. His views on wind, however, were not accurate at all. He wrote extensively on winds but never fully comprehended how wind occurred Works Cited Aristotle. Great Books of the Western World. Volume 1. Chicago: Robert P. Gwinn, 1990. Aristotle. â€Å"Meteorology† 113 – 438. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Internet Address: http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/meteorology. 1. i. html. Translated by E. W. Webster. 27 Aug. 2000. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1-321. University of Tennessee at Martin. Internet Address: http://www. utm. edu/research/iep/a/aristotl. htm. 24 Aug. 2000. Lutgens, Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck. The Atmosphere. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1992. Sahakian, William S. and Mabel Lewis Sahakian. Ideas of the Great Philosophers. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc. , 1970. Aristotle and Meteorology. (2016, Oct 28).